The difference between the Solar location before and after noon is clear, but during the noon hour the Sun is "between the horns": Pesachim 12a-b
The Sun is closer to the Earth during the rainy season: Rashi Pesachim 42a [Unclear that this is the meaning here]
Location of the Sun in the heavens, and its motion, in different seasons: Eruvin 56a; Pesachim 94b
Which "heaven" contains the Sun: Nedarim 39b
Whether the Sun's path may vary in length: Rosh HaShanah 25a
The Jewish Sages vs the non-Jewish Sages on the position of the Earth relative to the Sun at night; Rebbe sided with the non-Jewish Sages: Pesachim 94b
From the 15th of Av, the Sun's strength weakens: Taanit 31a
Why Gd constructed Nature so that the Moon's "flaw" never faces the Sun: Rosh HaShanah 23b
Why Gd constructed Nature so that the Rainbow's bow never arches from the Sun toward Earth: Rosh HaShanah 23b-24a
The Sun and Moon interceding on Moses's behalf before Gd, during the battle with Korach: Nedarim 39b
At what time of day the solstices and equinoxes take place: Eruvin 56a
How long a time there is between each solstice/equinox: Eruvin 56a
The winds will be strong enough to break trees if the vernal equinox occurs in Jupiter and the moon enters the phase of that new month in its own sign or under Jupiter: Eruvin 56a
The season will be dry if the winter solstice occurs in Jupiter and the moon enters the phase of that new month in its own sign or under Jupiter: Eruvin 56a
The Moon
The "secret to adding [to the calendar]": Rosh HaShanah 20b
How long the moon, in its invisible phase, is concealed: Rosh HaShanah 20b
When witnesses must see the moon [day/night], in order to declare the new month: Rosh HaShanah 20b
Which "Heaven" contains the Moon: Nedarim 39b
Whether the Moon's circuit can lengthen or be shortened at times: Rosh HaShanah 24b, 25a
Seasonal Differentiation in the Moon's path: Rosh HaShanah 24a
Time when the Moon sets, in mid-month: Rosh HaShanah 21a
Why Gd constructed Nature so that the Moon's "flaw" never faces the Sun: Rosh HaShanah 23b
Minimum length of a lunar month: Rosh HaShanah 25a
The Sun and Moon interceding on Moses's behalf before Gd, during the battle with Korach: Nedarim 39b
The winds are strong enough to break trees if the vernal equinox occurs in Jupiter and the moon enters the phase of that new month in its own sign or under Jupiter: Eruvin 56a
The season will be dry if the winter solstice occurs in Jupiter and the moon enters the phase of that new month in its own sign or under Jupiter: Eruvin 56a
Gd created the moon so that people could learn by its light: Eruvin 65a
The General Heavens
Determining the times of night and day: Berachot 2b; Pesachim 2a; Megillah 20b
One who knows the seasons and zodiac is required to practice this craft, to display the knowledge of the Jews: Shabbat 75a
The breadth of the heavens: Pesachim 94a
The height of the heavens: Pesachim 94b
Rabbi Nasan on the position of the Earth among the stars: Pesachim 94a
The nights lengthen [noticeably] beginning with the 15th of Av: Taanit 31a
Gd changing the constellations to cause the Flood: Rosh HaShanah 11b-12a
Ten heavens: Rosh HaShanah 32a
The Heavens named "Zevul" and "Rakia": Nedarim 39b
The Zodiac
One who knows the seasons and zodiac is required to practice this craft, to display the knowledge of the Jews: Shabbat 75a
The paths and schedules of the planets: R. Shabbat 129b "DeKayyma"
The paths and schedules of the constellations: R. Rosh HaShanah 11b "Ve'Azdu"
The position of Mars on Tuesdays and Fridays: Shabbat 129b
Position of the Earth relative to the constellations of the Scorpion and the Calf: Pesachim 94a
The Jewish Sages vs the non-Jewish Sages, on the true nature of the rotation and revolution of the spheres and the zodiac: Pesachim 94b
The winds are strong enough to break trees if the vernal equinox occurs in Jupiter and the moon enters the phase of that new month in its own sign or under Jupiter: Eruvin 56a
The season will be dry if the winter solstice occurs in Jupiter and the moon enters the phase of that new month in its own sign or under Jupiter: Eruvin 56a