Whether grain can fall from the clouds: Menachot 69b
The season will be dry if the winter solstice occurs in Jupiter and the moon enters the phase of that new month in its own sign or under Jupiter: Eruvin 56a
Rain is called "Gevurot," a sign of Divine might: Taanit 2a
Rain is as great as the creation of the world: Taanit 9b
Whether dew is a constant: Taanit 3a-b
Whether clouds are a constant: Taanit 3b
The water cycle, drawing water up from the oceans as vapor, to form clouds which then provide rain: Eruvin 45b; Taanit 9b
The role of clouds in the water cycle: Eruvin 45b; Taanit 9b-10a
The source of the water that becomes rain: Taanit 9b-10a
Timing of the Yoreh and Malkosh, the fall and spring rains: Taanit 5a, 6a
The meaning of the words "Yoreh" and "Malkosh": Taanit 6a
Are sunlight, clouds and wind a good sign before or after a rainfall: Taanit 3b
The value of morning rain vs. evening rain: Taanit 6b
The benefit of snow in the mountains, as compared to rain on level ground: Taanit 3b
The benefit of different types of rain for different types of plants: Taanit 3b-4a
The level/type of rain expected in each phase of the season's rainfall: Taanit 6b
Defining drought based on type and location of rainfall: Taanit 6b
Comparing the effect of rain on soil to fertilization and conception of a baby: Taanit 6b
The different kinds of clouds: Taanit 9b
What a drizzle might portend for future rainfall: Taanit 9b
The effect of a dry month of Tevet on the year as a whole: Taanit 6b
Rain after the month of Nisan is considered a curse: Taanit 2b
Rain obstructing the conduct of ordinary business: Taanit 8b
Rain as a blessing in that it halts wars: Taanit 8b
The Breadth of Italy, and its population: Megillah 6b
The breadth and length of Egypt: Pesachim 94a
The breadth and length of Kush: Pesachim 94a
The breadth and length of the World: Pesachim 94a [2x]
The depth of the Earth, until "Tehom": Succah 53b
Rivers
The point of origin of the Euphrates: Nedarim 40a-b
Seasons
The primary "Aviv [Spring]" is only in the month of Nisan: Rosh HaShanah 7a
The primary time of Harvesting is only in the month of Tishrei: Rosh HaShanah 7a
Tishrei as the official beginning of the Seasonal Cycle: Rosh HaShanah 8a
The start of the seasonal cycle, according to the Jewish Sages and non-Jewish Scholars: Rosh HaShanah 12a
How long each season is: Eruvin 56a
The season will be dry if the winter solstice occurs in Jupiter and the moon enters the phase of that new month in its own sign or under Jupiter: Eruvin 56a
Winds
The North wind chills, preventing rot: Shabbat 116b
The wind called "Tevoach" [Butchering]: Shabbat 129b
The winds will be strong enough to break trees if the vernal equinox occurs in Jupiter and the moon enters the phase of that new month in its own sign or under Jupiter: Eruvin 56a
The strength of the south wind: Eruvin 65a
The calming effect of the north wind: Eruvin 65a; Megillah 28b